1. Woolner LB, Fontana RS, Cortese DA, et al.: Roentgenographically occult lung cancer: pathologic findings and frequency of multicentricity during a 10-year period. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59(7): 453-466, 1984.

2. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kato H, et al.: A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11(10): 1852-1857, 1993.

3. Edell ES, Cortese DA: Photodynamic therapy in the management of early superficial squamous cell carcinoma as an alternative to surgical resection. Chest 102(5): 1319-1322, 1992.

1. Ginsberg RJ, Hill LD, Eagan RT, et al.: Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 86(5): 654-658, 1983.

2. Ginsberg RJ, Rubinstein LV: Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 60(5): 615-623, 1995.

3. Warren WH, Faber LP: Segmentectomy versus lobectomy in patients with stage I pulmonary carcinoma. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 107(4): 1087-1094, 1994.

4. Martini N, Bains MS, Burt ME, et al.: Incidence of local recurrence and second primary tumors in resected stage I lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 109(1): 120-129, 1995.

5. Morice RC, Peters EJ, Ryan MB, et al.: Exercise testing in the evaluation of patients at high risk for complications from lung resection. Chest 101(2): 356-361, 1992.

6. Shennib HA, Landreneau R, Mulder DS, et al.: Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection of T1 lung cancer in high-risk patients. Annals of Surgery 218(4): 555-560, 1993.

7. Noordijk EM, Clement EP, Hermans J, et al.: Radiotherapy as an alternative to surgery in elderly patients with resectable lung cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology 13(2): 83-89, 1988.

8. Dosoretz DE, Katin MJ, Blitzer PH, et al.: Radiation therapy in the management of medically inoperable carcinoma of the lung: results and implications for future treatment strategies. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 24(1): 3-9, 1992.

9. Gauden S, Ramsay J, Tripcony L: The curative treatment by radiotherapy alone of stage I non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Chest 108(5): 1278-1282, 1995.

10. Martini N, Bains MS, Burt ME, et al.: Incidence of local recurrence and second primary tumors in resected stage I lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 109(1): 120-129, 1995.

11. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group: Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized controlled trials. Lancet 352(9124): 257-263, 1998.

12. Thomas P, Rubinstein L: Cancer recurrence after resection: T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer: Lung Cancer Study Group. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 49(2): 242-246, 1990.

13. Pastorino U, Infante M, Maioli M, et al.: Adjuvant treatment of stage I lung cancer with high-dose vitamin A. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11(7): 1216-1222, 1993.

14. Lippman SM, University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center: Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of 13-CRA vs Placebo to Prevent Second Primary Tumors in Patients with Totally Resected Stage I non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Summary Last Modified 07/97), MDA-ID-91025, clinical trial, closed, 04/09/1997.

15. Feld R, Rubinstein L, Thomas PA, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with completely resected stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85(4): 299-306, 1993.

16. Niiranen A, Niitamo-Korhonen S, Kouri M, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 10(12): 1927-1932, 1992.

17. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kato H, et al.: A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11(10): 1852-1857, 1993."

1. Komaki R, Cox JD, Hartz AJ, et al.: Characteristics of long-term survivors after treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the lung. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 8(5): 362-370, 1985.

2. Dosoretz DE, Katin MJ, Blitzer PH, et al.: Radiation therapy in the management of medically inoperable carcinoma of the lung: results and implications for future treatment strategies. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 24(1): 3-9, 1992.

3. Martini N, Bains MS, Burt ME, et al.: Incidence of local recurrence and second primary tumors in resected stage I lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 109(1): 120-129, 1995.

4. Weisenburger TH, Holmes EjC, Gail M, et al.: Effects of postoperative mediastinal radiation on completely resected stage II and stage III epidermoid cancer of the lung. New England Journal of Medicine 315(22): 1377-1381, 1986.

5. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group: Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized controlled trjials. Lancet 352(9124): 257-263, 1998.

6. Holmes AC: Surgical adjuvant therapy for stage II and stage III adenocarcinoma and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Chest 106(6 Suppl): 293S-296S, 1994.

7. Lad T, Rubinstein L, Sadeghi A: The benefit of adjuvant treatment for resected locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 6(1): 9-17, 1988.

8. Holmes EC: Adjuvant treatment in resected lung cancer. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 6(5): 263-267, 1990."

1. Komaki R, Cox JD, Hartz AJ, et al.: Characteristics of long-term survivors after treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the lung. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 8(5): 362-370, 1985.

2. Johnson DH, Einhorn LH, Bartolucci A, et al.: Thoracic radiotherapy does not prolong survival in patients with locally advanced, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 113(1): 33-38, 1990.

3. Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A, et al.: Continuous hyper fractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized multicentre trial. Lancet 350(9072): 161-165, 1997.

4. Dillman RO, Seagren SL, Propert KJ, et al.: A randomized trial of induction chemotherapy plus high-dose radiation versus radiation alone in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 323(14): 940-945, 1990.

5. LeChevalier T, Arriagada R, Quoix E, et al.: Radiotherapy alone versus combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: first analysis of a randomized trial in 353 patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83(6): 417-423, 1991.

6. Schaake-Koning C, Van dan Bogaert W, Dalesio O, et al.: Effects of concomitant cisplatin and radiotherapy on inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 326(8): 524-530, 1992.

7. Sause WT, Scott C, Taylor S, et al.: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 88-08 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4588: preliminary results of a phase III trial in regionally advanced, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87(3): 198-205, 1995.

8. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group: Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomized clinical trials. British Medical Journal 311(7010): 899-909, 1995.

9. Curran WJ, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Phase III Randomized Study of Standard Thoracic Irradiation Following VBL/CDDP vs Standard Thoracic Irradiation and Concurrent VBL/CDDP vs Hyperfractionated Thoracic Irradiation and Concurrent VP-16/CDDP for Locally Advanced, Unresectable, non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Summary Last Modified 09/98), RTOG-9410, clinical trial, closed, 07/31/1998.

10. Rosell R, Gomez-Codina J, Camps C, et al.: A randomized trial comparing preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery with surgery alone in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 330(3): 153-158, 1994.

11. Roth JA, Fossella F, Komaki R, et al.: A randomized trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy and surgery with surgery alone in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 86(9): 673-680, 1994.

12. Albain KS, Rusch VW, Crowley JJ, et al.: Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA(N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: mature results of Southwest Oncology Group phase II study 8805. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13(8): 1880-1892, 1995.

13. Emami B, Kaiser L, Simpson J, et al.: Postoperative radiation therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 20(5): 441-448, 1997.

14. Sawyer TE, Bonner JA, Gould PM, et al.: Effectiveness of postoperative irradiation in stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer according to regression tree analyses of recurrence risks. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 64(5): 1402-1408, 1997.

15. Weisenburger TH, Holmes EC, Gail M, et al.: Effects of postoperative mediastinal radiation on completely resected stage II and stage III epidermoid cancer of the lung. New England Journal of Medicine 315(22): 1377-1381, 1986.

16. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group: Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized controlled trials. Lancet 352(9124): 257-263, 1998.

17. Niiranen A, Niitamo-Korhonen S, Kouri M, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 10(12): 1927-1932, 1992.

18. Holmes EC: Adjuvant treatment in resected lung cancer. Seminars in Surgical Oncology 6(5): 263-267, 1990.

19. Lad T, Rubinstein L, Sadeghi A: The benefit of adjuvant treatment for resected locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 6(1): 9-17, 1988.

20. Shields TW: The significance of ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node metastasis (N2 disease) in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: a commentary. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 99(1): 48-53, 1990.

21. Mountain CF: The biological operability of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 40(1): 60-64, 1985.

22. Van Raemdonck DE, Schneider A, Ginsberg RJ: Surgical treatment for higher stage non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 54(5): 999-1013, 1992.

23. Komaki R, Mountain CF, Holbert JM, et al.: Superior sulcus tumors: treatment selection and results for 85 patients without metastasis (M0) at presentation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 19(1): 31-36, 1990.

24. Miller JI, Phillips TW: Neodymium: YAK laser and brachytherapy in the management of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 50(2): 190-196, 1990.

1. LeChevalier T, Arriagada R, Quoix E, et al.: Radiotherapy alone versus combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: first analysis of a randomized trial in 353 patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83(6): 417-423, 1991.

2. Morton RF, Jett JR, McGinnis WL, et al.: Thoracic radiation therapy alone compared with combined chemoradiotherapy for locally unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 115(9): 681-686, 1991.

3. Dillman RO, Seagren SL, Propert KJ, et al.: A randomized trial of induction chemotherapy plus high-dose radiation versus radiation alone in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 323(14): 940-945, 1990.

4. Schaake-Koning C, Van dan Bogaert W, Dalesio O, et al.: Effects of concomitant cisplatin and radiotherapy on inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 326(8): 524-530, 1992.

5. Sause WT, Scott C, Taylor S, et al.: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 88-08 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 4588: preliminary results of a phase III trial in regionally advanced, unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 87(3): 198-205, 1995.

6. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group: Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomized clinical trials. British Medical Journal 311(7010): 899-909, 1995.

7. Komaki R, Cox JD, Hartz AJ, et al.: Characteristics of long-term survivors after treatment for inoperable carcinoma of the lung. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 8(5): 362-370, 1985.

8. Ihde DC: Chemotherapy combined with chest irradiation for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 115(9): 737-739, 1991.

9. Blanke C, Ansari R, Mantravadi R, et al.: Phase III trial of thoracic irradiation with or without cisplatin for locally advanced unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group protocol. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13(6): 1425-1429, 1995.

10. Pignon JP, Stewart LA, Souhami RL, et al.: A meta-analysis using individual patient data from randomized clinical trials (RCTS) of chemotherapy (CT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): (2) survival in the locally advanced (LA) setting. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 13: A-1109, 334, 1994.

11. Curran WJ, Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: Phase III Randomized Study of Standard Thoracic Irradiation Following VBL/CDDP vs Standard Thoracic Irradiation and Concurrent VBL/CDDP vs Hyper fractionated Thoracic Irradiation and Concurrent VP-16/CDDP for Locally Advanced, Unresectable, non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Summary Last Modified 09/98), RTOG-9410, clinical trial, closed, 07/31/1998.

12. Rusch VW, Albain KS, Crowley JJ, et al.: Surgical resection of stage IIIA and stage IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer after concurrent induction chemoradiotherapy: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 105(1): 97-106, 1993.

13. Albain KS, Rusch VW, Crowley JJ, et al.: Concurrent cisplatin/etoposide plus chest radiotherapy followed by surgery for stages IIIA(N2) and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: mature results of Southwest Oncology Group phase II study 8805. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13(8): 1880-1892, 1995."

1. Weick JK, Crowley J, Natale RB, et al.: A randomized trial of five cisplatin-containing treatments in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 9(7): 1157-1162, 1991.

2. O'Connell JP, Kris MG, Gralla RJ, et al.: Frequency and prognostic importance of pretreatment clinical characteristics in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 4(11): 1604-1614, 1986.

3. Le Chevalier T, Brisgand D, Douillard JY, et al.: Randomized study of vinorelbine and cisplatin versus vindesine and cisplatin versus vinorelbine alone in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a European multicenter trial including 612 patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12(2): 360-367, 1994.

4. Chang AY, Kim K, Glick J, et al.: Phase II study of taxol, merbarone, and piroxantrone in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group results. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85(5): 388-394, 1993.

5. Murphy WK, Fossella FV, Winn RJ, et al.: Phase II study of taxol in patients with untreated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85(5): 384-388, 1993.

6. Johnson DH, Paul DM, Hande KR, et al.: Paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 14(7): 2054-2060, 1996.

7. Langer CJ, Leighton JC, Comis RL, et al.: Paclitaxel and carboplatin in combination in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II toxicity, response, and survival analysis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13(8): 1860-1870, 1995.

8. Bonomi P, Kim K, Chang A, et al.: Phase III trial comparing etoposide (E) cisplatin © versus taxol (T) with cisplatin-G-CSF(G) versus taxol-cisplatin in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trial. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 15: A-1145, 382, 1996.

9. Souquet PJ, Chauvin F, Boissel JP, et al.: Polychemotherapy in advanced non small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet 342(8862): 19-21, 1993.

10. Grilli R, Oxman AD, Julian JA: Chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: how much benefit is enough? Journal of Clinical Oncology 11(10): 1866-1872, 1993.

11. Marino P, Pampallona S, Preatoni A, et al.: Chemotherapy vs supportive care in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a meta-analysis of the literature. Chest 106(3): 861-865, 1994.

12. Miller JI, Phillips TW: Neodymium: YAG laser and brachytherapy in the management of inoperable bronchogenic carcinoma. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 50(2): 190-196, 1990.

13. Mandell L, Hilaris B, Sullivan M, et al.: The treatment of single brain metastasis from non-oat cell lung carcinoma: surgery and radiation versus radiation therapy alone. Cancer 58(3): 641-649, 1986.

14. DeAngelis LM, Mandell LR, Thaler HT, et al.: The role of postoperative radiotherapy after resection of single brain metastases. Neurosurgery 24(6): 798-805, 1989.

15. Veeder MH, Jett JR, Su JQ, et al.: A phase III trial of mitomycin C alone versus mitomycin C, vinblastine, and cisplatin for metastatic squamous cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 70(9): 2281-2287, 1992."